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Barbara Heinemann Landmann (January 11, 1795 – May 21, 1883) was twice a ''Werkzeug'', or Instrument, for the Community of True Inspiration. A Werkzeug, under the influence of the gift of Inspiration, is thought by the Community to convey the word of the Lord to believers. Barbara was first a Werkzeug in Germany and in Alsace. She became a Werkzeug during the Christmas holidays of 1818 until she married George Landmann in 1823. She and her husband migrated with the Community from Germany to the Ebenezer Colonies in New York State, USA and from the Ebenezer Colonies to the Amana Colonies in Iowa. While she was in the Ebenezer Colonies, she became a Werkzeug again. In the Ebenezer Colonies and the Amana Colonies, she shared with Christian Metz the responsibilities of a Werkzeug. Christian Metz died in 1872, and Barbara became the sole Werkzeug until she died, at the age of 88. Her testimonies continue to be read aloud during the Community's religious services. ==Charles Nordhoff visits the Amana Colonies, 1874== In 1874 Charles Nordhoff, gathering materials for ''The Communistic Societies of the United States'' (Nordhoff, 1875), visited the Amana Colonies in Iowa. He reports: :The society has at this time 1450 members; owns about 25,000 acres of land; lives on this land in seven different small towns; carries on agriculture and manufactures of several kinds, and is highly prosperous. Its members are all Germans. The base of its organization is religion; they are pietists; and their religious head, at present a woman, is supposed by them to speak by direct inspiration of God. Hence they call themselves "Inspirationists." The religious head whom Nordhoff met was Barbara Heinemann Landmann, 80 at the time. Each of the seven towns mentioned by Nordhoff consisted of a single congregation of Inspirationists. The only non-Inspirationists in any of the towns were the hired hands, who were sometimes given a place to stay. The seven towns were within a few hours journey from each other, so it was not difficult for Barbara to visit them all. The geographic arrangement of congregations had not always been so convenient for the Inspirationists. During their earlier years in Europe, some congregations might be several days' journey apart. Their separation might lead them to differences of opinion about the authority of those who claimed to be inspired. A congregation was usually a minority within a village, and an unpopular one. Because of dissension among the congregations and persecution by outsiders, Barbara's early years with the Inspirationists were tumultuous, unlike the harmonious situation in America. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barbara Heinemann Landmann」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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